Chapter 1. Ecology
- History of Ecology
- Environment and its Components
- Levels of Organisation
Chapter 2. Functions of an Ecosystem
- Energy Flow
- Food Chain
- Food Web
- Ecological Pyramid
- Pollutants and Trophic Levels
- Biotic Interactions
- Bio-Geochemical Cycles
- Ecological Succession
Chapter 3. Terrestrial Ecosystem
- Tundra
- Forest Ecosystem
- Indian Forest Types
- Deforestation
- Grassland Ecosystem
- Desert Ecosystem (Thar & Cold)
- Desertification
- State of Forest Report 2017
Chapter 4. Aquatic Ecosystem
- Aquatic Organisms
- Lake Ecology
- Eutrophication
- Harmful Algal Bloom
- Wetland Ecosystem
- National Wetland Conservation Programme
- Montreux Record
- Estuary Ecosystem
- Mangrove Ecosystem
- Coral Reefs & Coral Bleaching
- Coastal Protection Initiatives
- Ganga Action Plan
- Namami Ganga Programme
- Clean Ganga Fund
- Recent Measures
Chapter 5. Environmental Pollution
- Pollutants
- Air Pollution & Smog
- Indoor Air Pollution
- Fly Ash
- NAMP & NAAQ
- Water, Soil, Noise, Radioactive Pollution
- E-Waste & Solid Waste
- Thermal & Plastic Pollution
- Bio-Remediation
- Health Impacts
- Acid Rain
Chapter 6. Renewable Energy
- Solar Energy & International Solar Alliance
- Luminescent Solar Concentrators
- Wind, Hydro, Ocean Thermal Energy
- Cogeneration
- Waste to Energy
- Geothermal Energy
- Fuel Cells
Chapter 7. Environmental Issues
- Indian Himalayan Region
- Sand Mining in India
- Palm Oil & Environmental Impact
- Colony Collapse Disorder
- Wildlife–Train Collisions
- Radiation Impact
- Genetically Engineered Trees
- Ban on Dolphin Captivity
- Shark Fin Ban
- Cost of Environmental Degradation
Chapter 8. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Need for EIA
- EIA Cycle & Procedures
- Components of EIA
- Public Hearing Procedure
- Drawbacks & Recommendations
- Environmental Supplemental Plan
- PARIVESH Portal
Chapter 9. Biodiversity
- Concept & Levels
- Measurement
- Ecosystem Services
- Conservation (In-situ & Ex-situ)
- Botanical Gardens & Zoos
- Red Data Book
Chapter 10. Indian Biodiversity
- Biogeographic Classification
- Fauna & Flora Diversity
- Indian Wildlife Categories
Chapter 11. Schedule Animals (WPA, 1972)
- Schedule I to VI Overview
- Key Protected Species
- Legal Provisions
Chapter 12. Animal Diversity of India
- Critically Endangered Mammals
- Marine Mammals & Egg-laying Mammals
- Marsupials
- Critically Endangered Birds
- Coral Diversity
- Bird Migration
- Wildlife Diseases
- Species Extinction & Man–Animal Conflict
Chapter 13. Plant Diversity of India
- Plant Classification
- Abiotic Effects
- Insectivorous Plants
- Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
- Medicinal Plants
- Tree Characters
Chapter 14. Marine Organism
- Plankton (Phyto & Zoo)
- Sea Grass & Seaweed
Chapter 15. Protected Area Network
- National: WLS, NP, CR, SAC
- Coastal Protected Areas
- Sacred Groves & Export Bans
- Global: MAB, Biosphere Reserves
- UNESCO Sites & Hotspots
- World Heritage Sites
Chapter 16. Conservation Efforts
- Project Tiger, Elephant, Vulture
- One-Horned Rhino & Snow Leopard
- Secure Himalaya
- Sea Turtle & Crocodile Projects
- Project Hangul
- Captive Breeding & Dolphin Conservation
- SAWEN & Govt Measures
Chapter 17. Climate Change
- Global Warming & Greenhouse Effect
- GHGs & Climate Forcing
- Global Warming Potential
- Receding Glaciers
Chapter 18. Ocean Acidification
Chapter 19. Ozone Depletion
Chapter 20. Impact of Climate Change – India
- Agriculture & Food Security
- Water Stress
- Sea Level Rise
- Biodiversity & Ecosystems
- Health Impacts
Chapter 21. Mitigation Strategies
- Carbon Sequestration & Sinks
- Carbon Credit & Offsetting
- Carbon Tax
- Geo-Engineering
Chapter 22. India and Climate Change
- India’s Position
- Observed Climate Trends
- Adaptation & Mitigation
- NAPCC (8 Missions)
- INCCA, NATCOM
- GHG Policies
- GRIHA & Green Building
- NICRA, FAME, LTEO
- NAFCC
Chapter 23. Climate Change Organisations
- UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol
- COP, REDD+, GEF
- IPCC, NIR
- Green Economy & Finance
Chapter 24. Agriculture
Chapter 25. Acts and Policies
- WPA, EPA, Forest Policy
- Biodiversity Act
- Forest Rights Act
- CRZ
- Waste Management Rules
- NGT
- ODS Rules
Chapter 26. Institutions and Measures
- Wildlife Action Plan
- CAMPA, JFM, Social Forestry
- National Bamboo Mission
- CEPI, Eco-Mark, USERS
- BCRLIP, NCEF
- Science Express & MFF
Chapter 27. Environmental Organisations
- AWBI, CZA
- NBA, WCCB
- NLCP, NGRBA
Chapter 28. International Environmental Conventions
- UNCED, CBD, Ramsar
- CITES, TRAFFIC, CMS
- ITTO, UNFF
- IUCN, GTF
- Basel, Stockholm, Rotterdam
- UNCCD, IWC
- Vienna & Montreal Protocols
- Kigali Amendment
- GIAHS, Minamata Convention
Chapter 29. Environmental Issues & Health Effects
- Toxicology
- Lead, Transfats, Caffeine
- Pesticides in Blood
- Environmental Diseases
- Chipko & Appiko Movements
- NWDB
Chapter 30 Important information for UPSC 2026 Exam
- Ramsar Sites
- Tiger & Elephant Reserves
- MIKE Sites
- Biosphere Reserves (UNESCO)
- WHS
- Sacred Groves
- Mangrove Sites
- Air Pollutants & Toxic Chemicals